Internet celebrity

Internet celebrity is a person who has gained public recognition and a substantial audience primarily through the Internet, particularly through social media, video-sharing platforms, blogs, livestreaming services, online communities, or other digital media. Internet celebrities may become known for entertainment, commentary, music, gaming, fashion, comedy, education, lifestyle content, business, activism, or other forms of online activity.

Unlike traditional celebrities whose public recognition generally originates in established media such as film, television, radio, music, or professional sports, the defining characteristic of an internet celebrity is that their fame originates substantially from digital platforms. Academic research has described social-media celebrities as individuals whose fame is native to social-media platforms rather than fame that predates their online presence.^[1]

Internet celebrities may also be described as internet personalities, online celebrities, digital celebrities, web celebrities, or, in some contexts, social media celebrities. The terminology is not always used consistently, and the boundaries between internet celebrity, social media influencer, content creator, online entertainer, and traditional celebrity have increasingly become blurred.

Definition

The term internet celebrity generally refers to an individual who has achieved a significant degree of recognition, visibility, or cultural influence through Internet-based media. Internet celebrities may attract audiences through original content, personality, expertise, entertainment, controversy, community participation, viral events, or other forms of online activity.

Internet celebrity status does not require a specific number of followers. An individual may be highly influential within a particular online community while having a relatively small overall audience. Conversely, an individual with millions of followers may have limited influence over particular subjects or communities.

The origin of fame is therefore an important distinction. A person who becomes famous through television and later gains a large social-media following is generally a traditional celebrity with an online presence, whereas a person whose public recognition develops primarily through online platforms may be considered an internet celebrity.^[2]

History

The development of internet celebrity culture is closely associated with the growth of the World Wide Web, online forums, personal websites, blogs, video-sharing services, social-networking websites, and later mobile social-media platforms.

During the early development of the Internet, individuals could become recognized through personal websites, online forums, blogs, message boards, fan communities, and viral websites. These environments allowed individuals to develop audiences without requiring access to traditional media organizations.

The development of YouTube and other video-sharing platforms expanded opportunities for individuals to become publicly recognized through independently produced video content. Bloggers, vloggers, online comedians, musicians, gamers, reviewers, and commentators could establish audiences directly through digital platforms.

The emergence of social-networking and mobile-first platforms further transformed internet celebrity culture. Platforms such as Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, X, and other services enabled creators to distribute content rapidly and communicate directly with followers.

Research has described internet celebrity as a cultural phenomenon associated with the broader transformation of fame and celebrity culture in the social-media era.^[3]

Development of Internet fame

Internet fame can develop through several mechanisms. A person may gradually build an audience by consistently publishing content, become widely known after a particular piece of content goes viral, receive attention from established media, participate in online communities, collaborate with other creators, or benefit from recommendation algorithms.

Viral content can significantly accelerate the growth of an online audience. A single video, photograph, post, livestream, meme, performance, or public event may reach millions of people within a short period.

However, sustained internet celebrity status generally requires continued visibility and audience engagement. Algorithms, audience preferences, platform policies, cultural trends, and competition from other creators can influence whether an individual's online popularity continues.

Types of internet celebrities

Internet celebrities can be classified according to the type of content they produce, the platforms they use, or the source of their popularity.

Content creators

Content creators produce original digital material for online audiences. Their work may include videos, photographs, articles, podcasts, livestreams, educational content, comedy, commentary, or entertainment.

YouTubers

A YouTuber is a person who creates and publishes content on YouTube. Some YouTubers become internet celebrities after developing large audiences through vlogs, entertainment, educational videos, reviews, gaming, music, commentary, or other formats.

Bloggers

Bloggers publish written or multimedia content through websites or blogging platforms. Some bloggers have developed substantial public recognition through subjects such as fashion, food, travel, technology, politics, or lifestyle.

Streamers

Online streamers broadcast live content to audiences through platforms such as YouTube, Twitch, TikTok, and other livestreaming services.

Streaming may involve gaming, entertainment, commentary, music, education, social interaction, or other activities.

Social media personalities

Social media personalities develop audiences primarily through social-networking platforms. They may publish short-form videos, photographs, text posts, livestreams, personal updates, commentary, or other forms of content.

Internet musicians

Some musicians become known primarily through digital platforms. They may publish original songs, covers, music videos, performances, or short-form musical content.

Internet platforms can provide musicians with opportunities to build audiences independently of traditional record companies and broadcasting organizations.

Online comedians

Internet comedians use digital platforms to distribute sketches, short videos, satire, memes, commentary, or other forms of comedy.

The short-form and highly shareable nature of social media can allow comedic content to spread rapidly between users.

Gaming personalities

Gaming personalities and gaming creators may become internet celebrities through livestreaming, gameplay videos, reviews, tutorials, commentary, esports-related content, or gaming communities.

Educational creators

Educational internet celebrities create content intended to explain subjects, teach skills, provide tutorials, or communicate information.

They may operate in areas such as science, history, technology, languages, finance, education, or professional development.

Fashion and lifestyle personalities

Fashion and lifestyle personalities may build online audiences through clothing, beauty, travel, food, home design, personal lifestyle, and related subjects.

Such personalities frequently overlap with the broader category of social media influencers.

Platforms

Internet celebrities may operate across multiple digital platforms.

YouTube

YouTube has played a major role in the development of internet celebrity culture. The platform allows individuals to publish video content and build subscriber-based audiences.

Popular formats include vlogs, reviews, tutorials, interviews, gaming videos, documentaries, commentary, educational videos, music, comedy, and livestreams.

Instagram

Instagram supports photographs, short-form videos, Stories, livestreams, and other forms of visual communication. Internet celebrities may use the platform to develop personal brands and communicate with followers.

TikTok

TikTok is primarily associated with short-form video. Its recommendation system can expose content to users who do not already follow the creator, allowing individuals to achieve rapid visibility.

Facebook

Facebook provides pages, groups, video, livestreaming, text posts, photographs, and other communication formats. Internet personalities may use Facebook to distribute content and maintain online communities.

X

X supports text-based communication, photographs, video, links, and real-time discussions. Internet personalities may become known through commentary, humor, news discussion, technology, politics, sports, or other subjects.

Twitch

Twitch is a livestreaming platform particularly associated with video games but also used for music, creative content, discussion, and other forms of live broadcasting.

Content creation

Content creation is central to internet celebrity culture. Internet celebrities may create content independently or with assistance from editors, photographers, videographers, managers, agencies, or production companies.

Common forms of content include:

Videos
Short-form videos
Photographs
Livestreams
Podcasts
Blog posts
Tutorials
Reviews
Interviews
Commentary
Comedy
Music
Gaming content
Educational material
News and analysis
Lifestyle content
Sponsored content

The professionalization of content production has allowed some internet celebrities to operate as independent media businesses.

Personal branding

Many internet celebrities develop recognizable personal brands. Personal branding can involve a creator's name, appearance, communication style, personality, visual identity, values, expertise, or recurring content formats.

The concept of self-branding has become closely associated with online celebrity culture. Researchers have examined how individuals construct public identities and manage perceived authenticity in social-media environments.^[4]

Personal branding can help an internet celebrity differentiate themselves from other creators and establish a recognizable relationship with an audience.

Audience

Internet celebrities generally depend on audiences for their visibility and continued relevance. Audiences may follow creators across several platforms and interact with them through likes, comments, shares, subscriptions, direct messages, livestream participation, and other forms of engagement.

Audience size is commonly measured through followers, subscribers, views, or other platform metrics. However, these measurements do not necessarily represent the strength or quality of a celebrity's relationship with an audience.

An internet celebrity may have a relatively small audience but strong influence within a specialized community.

Audience engagement

Audience engagement is a defining feature of Internet celebrity culture. Unlike traditional mass-media celebrities, internet celebrities can often communicate directly with audiences.

Followers may comment on posts, participate in livestreams, send messages, create fan content, share posts, or otherwise contribute to the celebrity's online presence.

This interaction can create a perception of accessibility and intimacy that differs from traditional celebrity culture.

Parasocial relationships

Parasocial relationships are one-sided psychological or emotional relationships that audiences may develop with media personalities. Internet celebrities can become subjects of parasocial interaction because followers are repeatedly exposed to their personalities, opinions, routines, and personal experiences.

Social-media platforms provide opportunities for audiences to experience both social and parasocial forms of communication with online personalities.^[5]

A 2024 review of 281 studies found that research on parasocial phenomena has increasingly shifted toward social media and cross-media environments, with substantial attention given to non-fictional media figures.^[6]

Parasocial relationships may provide feelings of connection, community, entertainment, and identification. However, excessive attachment, unrealistic expectations, negative self-comparison, or disappointment may also occur.^[7]

Fan communities

Internet celebrities frequently develop fan communities around their content. Fans may communicate with one another through comments, discussion forums, social-media groups, fan accounts, livestream chats, and other online communities.

Fan communities can contribute to the visibility and longevity of an internet celebrity by sharing content, producing fan-created material, organizing events, and promoting the celebrity across platforms.

Online fandom can also create independent cultural communities that develop their own language, traditions, memes, and social norms.

Viral fame

Viral fame occurs when online content spreads rapidly to a large audience. A person may become an internet celebrity after a video, photograph, post, meme, performance, or event receives unusually high levels of attention.

Viral fame can occur without an established audience. In some cases, a person who becomes viral subsequently develops a long-term career as a creator, entertainer, influencer, entrepreneur, or media personality.

However, viral popularity does not necessarily result in sustained celebrity status. Internet attention can decline quickly as audiences move toward new trends and creators.

Algorithms and internet celebrity

Recommendation algorithms play an important role in determining which content is displayed to users. Algorithms used by social-media and video platforms can therefore influence the visibility and growth of internet celebrities.

A creator's content may reach people who do not already follow the creator through recommendation systems, search results, trending features, or sharing.

Algorithmic systems can create opportunities for rapid growth but can also make internet celebrities dependent on platform policies and changes in recommendation systems.

Internet celebrity and influencer culture

Internet celebrities and social media influencers overlap substantially but are not identical concepts.

An internet celebrity is primarily characterized by public recognition and fame originating through Internet-based media. An influencer is generally characterized by the ability to affect audience attitudes, behaviours, or purchasing decisions and may use that influence commercially.

Some internet celebrities become influencers by promoting products or services to their audiences. Similarly, some influencers become internet celebrities after achieving substantial public recognition.

Academic research has described social-media celebrities as individuals whose fame originates on social-media platforms and noted that these celebrities may subsequently monetize their fame through influencer activities.^[8]

Commercialization

Internet celebrity culture has become closely connected to digital advertising and the creator economy.

Internet celebrities may generate income through:

Advertising revenue
Sponsored content
Brand partnerships
Affiliate marketing
Merchandise
Paid subscriptions
Membership programs
Donations
Digital products
Online courses
Licensing
Public appearances
Entertainment contracts
Business ventures

The commercialization of internet fame allows creators to transform audience attention into economic value.

Influencer marketing

Internet celebrities may participate in influencer marketing by promoting products or services directly to their audiences.

Unlike traditional celebrity advertising, influencer marketing often occurs through the celebrity's own social-media accounts and is integrated into the creator's normal content.

Such promotions may involve sponsored posts, product placement, reviews, discount codes, affiliate links, livestream promotions, or long-term brand partnerships.

Because audiences may perceive internet celebrities as more personal and relatable than traditional advertising figures, the commercial relationship between creator and brand can influence perceptions of authenticity and trust.

Authenticity

Perceived authenticity is an important aspect of Internet celebrity culture. Audiences may value creators who appear genuine, relatable, transparent, or personally invested in the subjects they discuss.

However, online content is often planned, edited, filtered, sponsored, or professionally produced. The apparent spontaneity of an internet celebrity's public persona may therefore involve substantial behind-the-scenes management.

The tension between authenticity and commercialization is a major subject in research concerning online celebrity and social-media influence.^[9]

Relationship with traditional media

Internet celebrities can increasingly interact with traditional media. A creator may begin on the Internet and subsequently appear on television, radio, newspapers, magazines, films, music releases, or other traditional media.

Conversely, established celebrities may use social media to develop direct relationships with audiences.

This convergence has contributed to a more complex media environment in which the distinction between traditional celebrity and internet celebrity is increasingly fluid.

Media coverage

Traditional media organizations may report on internet celebrities because of their popularity, controversies, achievements, business activities, or cultural influence.

Media coverage can further increase an internet celebrity's visibility and introduce the person to audiences outside the original platform.

In some cases, traditional media coverage may contribute to a transition from online fame to broader public recognition.

Cultural influence

Internet celebrities can influence popular culture by contributing to trends in fashion, entertainment, music, language, beauty, lifestyle, gaming, food, and consumer behaviour.

Because online platforms allow content to circulate rapidly, internet celebrities can contribute to the formation of trends that cross national and cultural boundaries.

Research has described Internet celebrity as a cultural phenomenon associated with contemporary celebrity culture, social capital, popular culture, and parasocial interaction.^[10]

Social influence

Internet celebrities can influence more than consumer behaviour. Their audiences may seek their opinions on entertainment, lifestyle, social issues, education, politics, health, technology, and other topics.

This influence can have positive or negative consequences depending on the accuracy of the information, the celebrity's expertise, the nature of the subject, and the audience's ability to evaluate information.

The rapid distribution of online content means that internet celebrities can potentially reach large audiences without the editorial processes traditionally associated with newspapers, television, or academic publishing.

Misinformation

Internet celebrities may contribute to the spread of misinformation when they publish inaccurate, misleading, unverified, or deliberately false claims.

The problem can be particularly important when online personalities discuss health, finance, science, politics, or other subjects where inaccurate information may produce significant consequences.

Audience trust and perceived familiarity can make information appear credible even when the creator does not have appropriate expertise.

For this reason, audiences are encouraged to evaluate the source, evidence, qualifications, and context of claims made by online personalities.

Political influence

Some internet celebrities participate in political discussion, activism, or political campaigning. Their large audiences can provide opportunities to communicate political messages outside traditional political and journalistic institutions.

Political internet celebrities may comment on current events, endorse candidates, advocate for causes, organize supporters, or create political commentary.

The political role of internet celebrities has raised questions concerning misinformation, political advertising, transparency, influence, and the relationship between entertainment and political communication.

Social activism

Internet celebrities can use their platforms to support charitable organizations, fundraising campaigns, social movements, humanitarian causes, environmental initiatives, and public-awareness campaigns.

Digital platforms can enable a celebrity to communicate rapidly with a large audience and encourage participation in campaigns or fundraising.

However, online activism can also be criticized when public support for a cause is primarily symbolic or when commercial interests are closely connected with social campaigns.

Privacy

Internet celebrity can create significant privacy challenges. Because audiences may become interested in the personal lives of online personalities, creators may experience increased scrutiny of their homes, families, relationships, locations, and daily activities.

The boundary between public and private life can become difficult to maintain when an individual's career is based partly on sharing personal experiences.

Internet celebrities may also face doxxing, harassment, impersonation, stalking, unauthorized photography, and unauthorized distribution of personal information.

Harassment and cyberbullying

Internet celebrities may experience online harassment, threats, cyberbullying, impersonation, and coordinated attacks.

The scale and visibility of social media can expose public figures to large numbers of comments and interactions. Negative attention can sometimes spread as rapidly as positive attention.

Creators may respond by limiting comments, blocking accounts, using moderation systems, employing management teams, or reducing their online activity.

Mental health and well-being

Internet celebrity can create pressures associated with maintaining public visibility, audience expectations, criticism, commercial obligations, and algorithmic competition.

The psychological effects of online celebrity vary between individuals. Research on parasocial relationships has identified both potential benefits and adverse outcomes associated with relationships between audiences and media figures.^[11]

Creators may also experience pressure to remain continuously active because audience attention can decline when content production decreases.

Children and young people

Young people are important participants in online celebrity culture, both as audiences and as creators.

Internet celebrities may influence young people's perceptions of fashion, appearance, entertainment, consumer products, social relationships, and lifestyle.

Research into parasocial phenomena has increasingly examined social-media environments and younger audiences, although scholars have also identified limitations in existing research, including an overrepresentation of younger and female samples.^[12]

Ethics

Ethical issues associated with Internet celebrity include:

Advertising transparency
Accuracy of information
Disclosure of sponsorships
Privacy
Copyright
Protection of minors
Misleading claims
Manipulation of audiences
Image manipulation
Conflicts of interest
Online harassment
Responsible use of artificial intelligence

Internet celebrities who receive compensation or other benefits for promoting products may have legal or ethical obligations to disclose those relationships depending on the jurisdiction.

Legal and regulatory issues

Internet celebrities may be subject to laws and regulations concerning advertising, consumer protection, copyright, defamation, privacy, taxation, intellectual property, and other areas.

Advertising regulators in various countries have developed rules or guidance concerning endorsements and sponsored content.

The distinction between personal opinion and paid promotion can be particularly important because audiences may interpret an internet celebrity's recommendation as an independent opinion.

Business and entrepreneurship

Some internet celebrities establish businesses based on their online fame. These businesses may include clothing brands, cosmetics, food products, technology companies, media companies, entertainment ventures, publishing businesses, educational services, or other enterprises.

Internet celebrity can therefore function as a form of social and commercial capital.

An established audience can provide an entrepreneur with an initial customer base, distribution channel, marketing platform, and source of market feedback.

Creator economy

Internet celebrities form an important part of the broader creator economy. The creator economy consists of individuals and organizations that produce digital content and generate economic value through audiences, platforms, businesses, subscriptions, advertising, commerce, and other activities.

Some creators operate independently, while others establish companies, hire employees, work with agencies, or develop professional production teams.

The increasing commercialization of online fame has transformed some individual creators into media and entertainment businesses.

Measurement of Internet celebrity

Internet celebrity can be measured using various indicators, including:

Number of followers
Number of subscribers
Video views
Post views
Engagement
Comments
Shares
Mentions
Search interest
Media coverage
Brand partnerships
Audience growth
Revenue

No single metric completely defines celebrity status. A person may have a large audience but limited cultural influence, while a niche internet celebrity may have substantial influence within a particular community.

Internet celebrity versus celebrity

The distinction between internet celebrity and traditional celebrity is primarily based on the origin and development of fame.

Traditional celebrities generally acquire public recognition through established cultural industries such as film, television, music, publishing, professional sports, or broadcasting.

Internet celebrities generally develop recognition through Internet-based platforms.

The distinction is increasingly difficult to maintain because traditional celebrities use social media and internet celebrities increasingly enter traditional entertainment industries.

Internet celebrity versus influencer

Internet celebrity and social media influencer are related but distinct concepts.

An internet celebrity is defined primarily by online fame and public recognition, whereas an influencer is generally defined by the ability to affect audience attitudes, behaviour, or decisions.

An internet celebrity may have no commercial partnerships and still be an internet celebrity. Conversely, a relatively unknown niche creator may function as an influencer despite not having broad celebrity status.

Many individuals occupy both categories.

Virtual internet celebrities

Advances in computer graphics, artificial intelligence, and digital media have enabled the development of virtual personalities and virtual influencers.

A virtual celebrity may be represented by a computer-generated character rather than a human individual. Such characters can maintain social-media accounts, publish content, participate in advertising campaigns, and develop fictional identities.

Virtual personalities raise questions concerning authenticity, disclosure, authorship, intellectual property, audience relationships, and the distinction between human and artificial media personalities.

Research into parasocial relationships increasingly considers digitally mediated and non-human media figures alongside traditional celebrities and influencers.^[13]

Future

The future of internet celebrity is likely to be influenced by artificial intelligence, recommendation algorithms, virtual and augmented reality, livestreaming, social commerce, digital communities, and changing platform policies.

Artificial intelligence may allow creators to automate parts of content production, translation, editing, personalization, and audience analysis. At the same time, synthetic media may make it increasingly difficult for audiences to determine whether particular content was created by a human, generated by artificial intelligence, or produced through a combination of human and automated systems.

The increasing importance of digital platforms is also likely to make internet celebrity more closely connected with entrepreneurship, entertainment, advertising, journalism, education, and other forms of public communication.

References

↑ }|. }}(2023). “How Social Media Influencers Impact Consumer Collectives: An Embeddedness Perspective}”. Journal of Consumer Research50(3)
617–636. doi:10.1093/jcr/ucad003. Retrieved.
↑ }|. }}(2023). “How Social Media Influencers Impact Consumer Collectives: An Embeddedness Perspective}”. Journal of Consumer Research50(3)
617–636. doi:10.1093/jcr/ucad003. Retrieved.
↑ }|. }}(2017). “Self-branding, 'micro-celebrity' and the rise of Social Media Influencers}”. Celebrity Studies8(2)
191–208. doi:10.1080/19392397.2016.1218292. Retrieved.
↑ }|. }}(2017). “Self-branding, 'micro-celebrity' and the rise of Social Media Influencers}”. Celebrity Studies8(2)
191–208. doi:10.1080/19392397.2016.1218292. Retrieved.
↑ }|. }}(2024). “Research trends on parasocial interactions and relationships with media characters. A review of 281 English and German-language studies from 2016 to 2020}”. Frontiers in Psychology15()
1418564. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1418564. Retrieved.
↑ }|. }}(2024). “Research trends on parasocial interactions and relationships with media characters. A review of 281 English and German-language studies from 2016 to 2020}”. Frontiers in Psychology15()
1418564. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1418564. Retrieved.
↑ }|. }}(2022). “Parasocial relationships, social media, & well-being}”. Current Opinion in Psychology45()
101306. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.02.003. Retrieved.
↑ }|. }}(2023). “How Social Media Influencers Impact Consumer Collectives: An Embeddedness Perspective}”. Journal of Consumer Research50(3)
617–636. doi:10.1093/jcr/ucad003. Retrieved.
↑ }|. }}(2017). “Self-branding, 'micro-celebrity' and the rise of Social Media Influencers}”. Celebrity Studies8(2)
191–208. doi:10.1080/19392397.2016.1218292. Retrieved.
↑ }|. }}(2018). “Framing emerging behaviors influenced by internet celebrity}”. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences39(3)
550–555. doi:10.1016/j.kjss.2018.06.014. Retrieved.
↑ }|. }}(2022). “Parasocial relationships, social media, & well-being}”. Current Opinion in Psychology45()
101306. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.02.003. Retrieved.
↑ }|. }}(2024). “Research trends on parasocial interactions and relationships with media characters. A review of 281 English and German-language studies from 2016 to 2020}”. Frontiers in Psychology15()
1418564. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1418564. Retrieved.
↑ }|. }}(2026). “Characterising the Influence of Parasocial Experience on the Media Figures' Audiences: A Scoping Review}”. Behavioral Sciences16(5)
808. doi:10.3390/bs16050808. Retrieved.

External links

[1] }|. }}(2023). “How Social Media Influencers Impact Consumer Collectives: An Embeddedness Perspective}”. Journal of Consumer Research50(3)
617–636. doi:10.1093/jcr/ucad003. Retrieved.

[2] }|. }}(2023). “How Social Media Influencers Impact Consumer Collectives: An Embeddedness Perspective}”. Journal of Consumer Research50(3)
617–636. doi:10.1093/jcr/ucad003. Retrieved.

[3] }|. }}(2017). “Self-branding, 'micro-celebrity' and the rise of Social Media Influencers}”. Celebrity Studies8(2)
191–208. doi:10.1080/19392397.2016.1218292. Retrieved.

[4] }|. }}(2017). “Self-branding, 'micro-celebrity' and the rise of Social Media Influencers}”. Celebrity Studies8(2)
191–208. doi:10.1080/19392397.2016.1218292. Retrieved.

[5] }|. }}(2024). “Research trends on parasocial interactions and relationships with media characters. A review of 281 English and German-language studies from 2016 to 2020}”. Frontiers in Psychology15()
1418564. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1418564. Retrieved.

[6] }|. }}(2024). “Research trends on parasocial interactions and relationships with media characters. A review of 281 English and German-language studies from 2016 to 2020}”. Frontiers in Psychology15()
1418564. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1418564. Retrieved.

[7] }|. }}(2022). “Parasocial relationships, social media, & well-being}”. Current Opinion in Psychology45()
101306. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.02.003. Retrieved.

[8] }|. }}(2023). “How Social Media Influencers Impact Consumer Collectives: An Embeddedness Perspective}”. Journal of Consumer Research50(3)
617–636. doi:10.1093/jcr/ucad003. Retrieved.

[9] }|. }}(2017). “Self-branding, 'micro-celebrity' and the rise of Social Media Influencers}”. Celebrity Studies8(2)
191–208. doi:10.1080/19392397.2016.1218292. Retrieved.

[10] }|. }}(2018). “Framing emerging behaviors influenced by internet celebrity}”. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences39(3)
550–555. doi:10.1016/j.kjss.2018.06.014. Retrieved.

[11] }|. }}(2022). “Parasocial relationships, social media, & well-being}”. Current Opinion in Psychology45()
101306. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.02.003. Retrieved.

[12] }|. }}(2024). “Research trends on parasocial interactions and relationships with media characters. A review of 281 English and German-language studies from 2016 to 2020}”. Frontiers in Psychology15()
1418564. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1418564. Retrieved.

[13] }|. }}(2026). “Characterising the Influence of Parasocial Experience on the Media Figures' Audiences: A Scoping Review}”. Behavioral Sciences16(5)
808. doi:10.3390/bs16050808. Retrieved.

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