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{{Short description|Collective action supporting a cause}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1989-1106-405, Plauen, Demonstration vor dem Rathaus.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Monday demonstrations in East Germany]] (1989–1991) helped bring down the [[Berlin Wall]].]]
{{Democracy sidebar}}
[[File:Working-class protest in Greece.JPG|thumb|[[Greece]], 2013: a [[working-class]] political [[protest]] calling for the [[boycott]] of a [[bookshop]] after an employee was fired, allegedly for her [[labor rights|labor-rights]] political [[activism]].]]
[[File:Slussen (sluice area) 2015 October Stockholm.jpg|thumb|
[[Stockholm]], 2015: protesters demonstrate against the city's new drastic plans for the [[Slussen]] area and [[Interchange (road)|interchange]].]]
[[File:September2019jakartademo2.jpg|thumb|[[Jakarta]], 2019: protesters occupying the [[Jalan Jenderal Gatot Subroto|Gatot Subroto Avenue]] in front of the DPR/MPR Building.]]
A '''political demonstration''' is an action by a mass group or collection of groups of people in favor of a [[political]] or other cause or people partaking in a [[protest]] against a cause of concern; it often consists of walking in a mass march formation and either beginning with or meeting at a designated endpoint, or '''rally''', in order to hear speakers. It is different from [[mass meeting]].

Demonstrations may include actions such as blockades and [[Sit-in|sit-ins]]. They can be either [[nonviolent]] or [[violent]], with participants often referring to violent demonstrations as "[[Militant (word)|militant]]." Depending on the circumstances, a demonstration may begin as nonviolent and escalate to violence. [[Law enforcement agency|Law enforcement]], such as [[riot police]], may become involved in these situations. [[Protest policing|Police involvement at protests]] is ideally to protect the participants and their right to assemble. However, officers don't always fulfill this responsibility and it's well-documented that many cases of protest intervention result in power abuse.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-03 |title=The Role of Police at Protests {{!}} ACLU of New Jersey |url=https://www.aclu-nj.org/en/know-your-rights/role-police-protests#:~:text=A.%20A%20dispersal%20order%20should%20be%20law,or%20other%20immediate%20threat%20to%20public%20safety. |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=www.aclu-nj.org |language=en}}</ref> It may be to prevent clashes between rival groups, or to prevent a demonstration from spreading and turning into a [[riot]].

==History==
The term has been in use since the mid-19th century, as was the term "'''monster meeting'''", which was coined initially with reference to the huge assemblies of protesters inspired by [[Daniel O'Connell]] (1775–1847) in Ireland.<ref name="OED">[[Oxford English Dictionary]]</ref> Demonstrations are a form of [[activism]], usually taking the form of a public gathering of people in a rally or walking in a '''march'''. Thus, the opinion is ''demonstrated'' to be significant by gathering in a crowd associated with that opinion.

Demonstrations can promote a viewpoint (either positive or negative) regarding a public issue, especially relating to a perceived [[grievance]] or [[social injustice]]. A demonstration is usually considered more successful if more people participate. Research shows that anti-government demonstrations occur more frequently in affluent countries than in poor ones.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shishkina|first1=Alisa|last2=Bilyuga|first2=Stanislav|last3=Korotayev|first3=Andrey|title=GDP Per Capita and Protest Activity: A Quantitative Reanalysis|url=https://www.academia.edu/37276149|journal=Cross-Cultural Research|year=2017 |volume=52 |issue=4 |language=en|pages=106939711773232|issn=1069-3971}}</ref>

Widely recognized political demonstrations include the [[Boston Tea Party]], [[March on Washington]], and the recent [[George Floyd protests]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Whipps |first1=Heather |last2=published |first2=Brandon Specktor |date=2020-06-04 |title=10 Historically Significant Political Protests |url=https://www.livescience.com/16153-10-significant-political-protests.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=livescience.com |language=en}}</ref> However, political demonstrations have been occurring for many centuries before these famous ones.

==Types==
[[File:1963 march on washington.jpg|thumb|220px|right|During the [[American Civil Rights Movement]] and the [[March on Washington]], leaders marched from the [[Washington Monument]] to the [[Lincoln Memorial]], August 28, 1963.]]
[[File:Día de la Memoria 2011 - A donde vayan los iremos a buscar.ogv|thumb|right|Video of a demonstration in Argentina to commemorate the [[1976 Argentine coup d'état|1976 coup d'état]]]]
There are many types of demonstrations, including a variety of elements. These may include:
*Marches, in which a [[parade]] demonstrate while moving along a set route.
*Rallies, in which people gather to listen to speakers or musicians.
*[[Picketing (protest)|Picketing]], in which people surround an area (normally an employer).
*[[Sit-in]]s, in which demonstrators occupy an area, sometimes for a stated period but sometimes indefinitely, until they feel their issue has been addressed, or they are otherwise convinced or forced to leave.
*[[Nudity and protest|Nudity]], in which they protest naked – here the antagonist may give in before the demonstration happens to avoid embarrassment.

Demonstrations are sometimes spontaneous gatherings, but are also utilized as a tactical choice by movements. They often form part of a larger campaign of [[nonviolent resistance]], often also called [[civil resistance]]. Demonstrations are generally staged in public, but private demonstrations are certainly possible, especially if the demonstrators wish to influence the opinions of a small or very specific group of people. Demonstrations are usually physical gatherings, but virtual or [[online]] demonstrations are certainly possible.

Topics of demonstrations often deal with [[politics|political]], [[economics|economic]], and [[society|social]] issues. Particularly with controversial issues, sometimes groups of people opposed to the aims of a demonstration may themselves launch a counter-demonstration with the aim of opposing the demonstrators and presenting their view. Clashes between demonstrators and counter-demonstrators may turn violent.

[[Government-organized demonstrations]] are demonstrations which are organized by a government. The [[Islamic Republic of Iran]],<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/11/9965bfb5-1917-4d01-a7b7-19d5de7692cd.html Analysis: Iran Sends Terror-Group Supporters To Arafat's Funeral Procession] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041114224437/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/11/9965bfb5-1917-4d01-a7b7-19d5de7692cd.html |date=2004-11-14 }} "...state-organized rallies..."</ref><ref>[https://thehedgefundjournal.com/why-washington-and-tehran-are-headed-for-a-showdown/ "Why Washington and Tehran are headed for a showdown"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028231156/https://thehedgefundjournal.com/why-washington-and-tehran-are-headed-for-a-showdown/ |date=2020-10-28 }} ''[[The Hedge Fund Journal]]'' 16 April 2006.</ref> the [[People's Republic of China]],<ref>[http://lists.asu.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9905e&L=china-nn&P=173 Global News, No. GL99-072] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423212203/https://lists.asu.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9905e&L=china-nn&P=173 |date=2021-04-23 }} ''China News Digest'', 3 June 1989.</ref> [[Republic of Cuba]],<ref>[http://www.washtimes.com/world/20060802-124603-7186r.htm Cubans ponder life without Fidel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312035305/http://www.washtimes.com/world/20060802-124603-7186r.htm |date=2007-03-12 }} ''[[The Washington Times]]'' 2 August 2006.</ref> the [[Soviet Union]]<ref>[http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=249&language_id=1 "Democracy in the Former Soviet Union: 1991–2004"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004853/http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=249&language_id=1 |date=September 27, 2007 }} ''Power and Interest News Report'' 28 December 2004</ref> and [[Argentina]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.clarin.com/zona/Militancia-terreno_0_745725575.html|title= Militancia todo terreno: Sacan a presos de la cárcel para actos del kirchnerismo|trans-title=All-terrain militants: Prisoners are taken out of jail to take part in Kirchnerist demonstrations|language= es|author= Nicolás Pizzi|date= 2012-07-29|publisher= Clarín|access-date=July 29, 2012}}</ref> among other nations, have had government-organized demonstrations.

==Times and locations==
[[File:Orange rev2.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Orange Revolution]] demonstrations lasted so long that demonstrators set up tents.]]
[[File:Jasmine Revolution in China - Beijing 11 02 20 crowd.jpg|thumb|220px|Crowd in front of a McDonald's in [[Wangfujing]] on the [[2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests]]]]
[[File:Peace March for Hungary - 2013.10.23 (44).JPG|thumb|2013 Peace March for Hungary in Budapest]]

Sometimes the date or location chosen for the demonstration is of historical or cultural significance, such as the [[anniversary]] of some event that is relevant to the topic of the demonstration.

Locations are also frequently chosen because of some relevance to the issue at hand. For example, if a demonstration is targeted at issues relating to foreign [[nation]], the demonstration may take place at a location associated with that nation, such as an [[embassy]] of the nation in question.

While fixed demonstrations may take place in [[pedestrian zones]], larger marches usually take place on roads. It may happen with or without an official authorization.

== Nonviolence or violence ==

Protest marches and demonstrations are a common nonviolent tactic. They are thus one tactic available to proponents of strategic [[nonviolence]]. However, the reasons for avoiding the use of violence may also derive, not from a general doctrine of [[nonviolence]] or [[pacifism]], but from considerations relating to the particular situation that is faced, including its legal, cultural and power-political dimensions: this has been the case in many campaigns of [[civil resistance]].<ref>[[Adam Roberts (scholar)|Adam Roberts]] and [[Timothy Garton Ash]] (eds.), ''Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present'', Oxford University Press, 2009, especially at pp. 14–20.[https://books.google.com/books?id=BxOQKrCe7UUC&dq=Civil+resistance+and+power+politics] Includes chapters by specialists on the various movements</ref>[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09254-2 (50820534063) (retouched).jpg|thumb|Demonstration turned riot at the US Capitol Building on [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 6, 2021]].]]
A common tactic used by nonviolent campaigners is the "dilemma demonstration." Activist trainer Daniel Hunter describes this term as covering "actions that force the target to either let you do what you want, or be shown as unreasonable as they stop you from doing it".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Daniel |date=2024-07-29 |title=Strengthen a Campaign with Dilemma Demonstrations |url=https://commonslibrary.org/strengthen-a-campaign-with-dilemma-demonstrations/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref> A study by Srdja Popovic and Sophia McClennen won the 2020 Brown Democracy Medal for its examination of 44 examples of dilemma demonstrations and the ways in which they were used to achieve goals within civil resistance campaigns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHise |first=James L. |date=2021-09-21 |title=Dilemma Actions: The Power of Putting your Opponent in a Bind |url=https://commonslibrary.org/new-research-shows-the-power-of-putting-your-opponent-in-a-bind/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=The Commons Social Chnage Library |language=en-AU}}</ref>

Some demonstrations and [[protests]] can turn, at least partially, into [[riot]]s or mob [[violence]] against objects such as [[automobile]]s and [[business]]es, bystanders and the [[police]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://doi.org/10.7560/315767 |title=The Design of Protest |date=2018 |publisher=University of Texas Press |doi=10.7560/315767 |isbn=978-1-4773-1577-4}}</ref> Police and military authorities often use [[non-lethal force]] or less-lethal weapons, such as [[Electroshock gun|tasers]], [[Rubber bullet|rubber bullets]], [[pepper spray]], and [[tear gas]] against demonstrators in these situations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How American police gear up to respond to protests |url=https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2020/07/us/police-gear-trnd/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=www.cnn.com |language=en}}</ref> Sometimes violent situations are caused by the preemptive or offensive use of these weapons which can provoke, destabilize, or escalate a conflict.

The protests following the [[murder of George Floyd]] are well-known examples of political demonstrations addressing [[Racial inequality in the United States|racial injustice]] and [[police brutality]]. These demonstrations, which spread across the United States and around the world, brought attention to systemic issues within law enforcement and the broader society. This movement highlighted the importance of political demonstrations in driving social change and influencing public policy, but also showed how protests can turn violent through police intervention.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Race and Policing |url=https://www.nytimes.com/news-event/george-floyd-protests-minneapolis-new-york-los-angeles |access-date=2025-03-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

As a known tool to prevent the infiltration by [[agents provocateurs]],<ref>Stratfor (2004) ''[http://www.stratfor.com/radical_anarchist_groups_pose_their_own_threat Radical, Anarchist Groups Pose Their Own Threat]'', {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307204142/http://www.stratfor.com/radical_anarchist_groups_pose_their_own_threat |date=2012-03-07 }}, published by [[Stratfor]], June 4, 2004 quote: <blockquote>Another common tactic is to infiltrate legitimate demonstrations in the attempt to stir widespread violence and rioting, seen most recently in a spring anti-Iraq war gathering in Vancouver, Canada. This has become so commonplace that sources within activist organizations have told STRATFOR they police their own demonstrations to prevent infiltration by fringe groups.</blockquote></ref> the organizers of large or controversial assemblies may deploy and coordinate [[demonstration marshal]]s, also called stewards.<ref name="OCSE2007">Belyaeva et al. (2007) ''[http://www.osce.org/item/23835.html Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly]'', {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323215040/https://www.osce.org/item/23835.html |date=2021-03-23 }}, published by OSCE's [[Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights]]. Alternative [http://www.venice.coe.int/docs/2008/CDL(2008)062-e.asp#_ednref148 version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625111641/http://www.venice.coe.int/docs/2008/CDL(2008)062-e.asp#_ednref148 |date=2010-06-25 }}, Sections § 7–8, 156–162</ref><ref name="Bryan06">Bryan, Dominic ''[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/berghahn/antiac/2006/00000013/F0020001/art00005?crawler=true The Anthropology of Ritual: Monitoring and Stewarding Demonstrations in Northern Ireland]'', {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205426/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/berghahn/antiac/2006/00000013/F0020001/art00005?crawler=true |date=2016-03-03 }}, ''Anthropology in Action'', Volume 13, Numbers 1–2, January 2006, pp.22–31(10)</ref>

== Policing ==
{{Excerpt|Protest policing}}

==Law by country==
[[File:הפגנה בתל אביב.jpg|thumb|223x223px|An anti-[[Naftali Bennett]] demonstration in [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]], on September 23, 2021. One of the signs the demonstrators primarily carried translates in English to "BENNETT DANGEROUS TO ISRAEL!". ]]

=== International ===

The right to demonstrate peacefully is guaranteed by international conventions, in particular by the articles 21 and 22 of the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] ([[Freedom of assembly|right of peaceful assembly]] and [[right of association]]). Its implementation is monitored by the [[United Nations special rapporteur]] on the right of peaceful assembly and association. In 2019, its report expressed alarm at the restrictions on the freedom of peaceful assembly:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association (Clément Nyaletsossi Voulé) |url=https://undocs.org/en/A/74/349 |website=undocs.org |date=11 September 2019 |access-date=16 November 2020 |page=13}}</ref>

{{Block quote|The Special Rapporteur has expressed concern regarding laws adopted in many countries that impose harsh restrictions on assemblies, including provisions relating to blanket bans, geographical restrictions, mandatory notifications and authorizations. [...] The need for prior authorization in order to hold peaceful protests [is] contrary to international law [...].}}

=== Australia ===
A report released by the Human Rights Law Centre in 2024 states that based on British common law, "''Australian courts regard [the right to assembly] as a core part of a democratic system of government.''" However, there are a number of limitations placed on demonstrations and protest under state, territory and federal legislation, with forty-nine laws introduced regarding them since 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mejia-Canales |first1=David |last2=Human Rights Law Centre |date=2024-08-26 |title=Protest in Peril: Our Shrinking Democracy |url=https://commonslibrary.org/protest-in-peril-our-shrinking-democracy/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref>

===Brazil===
[[Freedom of assembly]] in [[Brazil]] is granted by art. 5th, item XVI, of the [[Constitution of Brazil]] (1988).

===Egypt===
{{Main|Egyptian protest law}}

=== Germany ===
In Germany, the right to protest is considered a [[Fundamental rights in the German Constitution|fundamental right]] in the ''[[Grundgesetz]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Art 8 GG - Einzelnorm |url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gg/art_8.html |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.gesetze-im-internet.de}}</ref> For open-air assemblies, this right may be restricted.<ref name=":0" />

===Russia===
{{Main|Freedom of assembly in Russia}}
[[Freedom of assembly]] in the [[Russia|Russian Federation]] is granted by Art. 31 of the [[Constitution of the Russian Federation|Constitution]] adopted in 1993: <blockquote>Citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right to gather peacefully, without weapons, and to hold meetings, rallies, demonstrations, marches and [[Picketing (protest)|pickets]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.russianembassy.org/RUSSIA/CONSTIT/chapter2.htm |title=Chapter 2 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation |access-date=2012-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304155248/http://www.russianembassy.org/RUSSIA/CONSTIT/chapter2.htm |archive-date=2010-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote>

Demonstrations and protests are further regulated by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation No.54-FZ "''On Meetings, Rallies, Demonstrations, Marches and Pickets''". If the assembly in public is expected to involve more than one participant, its organisers are obliged to notify executive or local self-government authorities of the upcoming event few days in advance in writing. However, legislation does not foresee an authorisation procedure, hence the authorities have no right to prohibit an assembly or change its place unless it threatens the security of participants or is planned to take place near hazardous facilities, important [[Rail transport in Russia|railway]]s, [[viaduct]]s, [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]]s, [[high voltage#Power lines|high voltage electric power lines]], [[prison]]s, [[court]]s, presidential residences or in the border control zone. The right to gather can also be restricted in close proximity of cultural and historical monuments.

===Singapore===
{{Main|Public demonstrations in Singapore}}
Public demonstrations in [[Singapore]] are not common, in part because cause-related events require a licence from the authorities. Such laws include the Public Entertainment and Meetings Act and the Public Order Act.

===Ukraine===
{{Main|Anti-protest laws in Ukraine}}

===United Kingdom===
[[File:Manifs à londres contre la guerre en irak.JPG|right|thumb|220px|Demonstration in front of the [[British parliament]]]]
Under the [[Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005]] and the [[Terrorism Act 2006]], there are areas designated as 'protected sites' where people are not allowed to go. Previously, these were military bases and nuclear power stations, but the law changed in 2007 to include other, generally political areas, such as [[Downing Street]], the [[Palace of Westminster]], and the headquarters of [[MI5]] and [[MI6]]. Previously, [[trespasser]]s to these areas could not be arrested if they had not committed another crime and agreed to be escorted out, but this will change{{when|date=July 2022}} following amendments to the law.<ref>Morris, Steven, "[https://www.theguardian.com/monarchy/story/0,,2041802,00.html New powers against trespassers at key sites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331004432/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/mar/24/monarchy.immigrationpolicy |date=2021-03-31 }}", ''[[The Guardian]]'', 24 March 2007. Retrieved on 23 June 2007.</ref>

[[Human rights]] groups fear the powers could hinder peaceful protest. [[Nick Clegg]], the then [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]] home affairs spokesman, said: "I am not aware of vast troops of trespassers wanting to invade MI5 or MI6, still less running the gauntlet of security checks in [[Whitehall]] and Westminster to make a point. It's a sledgehammer to crack a nut." [[Liberty (pressure group)|Liberty]], the [[civil liberties]] pressure group, said the measure was "excessive".<ref>Brown, Colin, "[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/legal/article2611749.ece No-go Britain: Royal Family and ministers protected from protesters by new laws] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606090134/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/legal/article2611749.ece |date=2007-06-06 }}", ''[[The Independent]]'', 4 June 2007. Retrieved on 23 June 2007.</ref>

One of the biggest demonstration in the UK was the people vote march, on 19 October 2019, with around 1 million demonstrators related to the [[Brexit]].

In 2021, the [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom]] ruled that blocking roads can be a lawful way to demonstrate.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Lizzie Dearden |title=Supreme Court backs protesters and rules blocking roads can be 'lawful' way to demonstrate |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/protest-laws-supreme-court-arms-fair-b1872636.html |work=[[The Independent]] |date=25 June 2021 |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref>

===United States===
The [[First Amendment of the United States Constitution]] specifically allows the [[freedom of assembly]] as part of a measure to facilitate the redress of such grievances. "Amendment I: Congress shall make no law ... abridging ... the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/bill_of_rights_transcript.html|title=America's Founding Documents|date=30 October 2015}}</ref>

A growing trend in the [[United States]] has been the implementation of "[[free speech zone]]s", or fenced-in areas which are often far-removed from the event which is being protested; critics of free-speech zones argue that they go against the First Amendment of the [[United States Constitution]] by their very nature, and that they lessen the impact the demonstration might otherwise have had. In many areas it is required to get permission from the government to hold a demonstration.<ref>Kellie Pantekoek, Esq. (12 October 2023).[https://www.findlaw.com/civilrights/enforcing-your-civil-rights/protest-laws-by-state.html 'Protest Laws by State']. [[FindLaw]].</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Civil resistance]]
* [[Crowd control]]
* [[Fare strike]]
* [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]]
* [[List of uprisings led by women]]
* [[Mass mobilization]]
* [[Nonviolent resistance]]
* [[Right to protest]]
* [[Petition]]
* [[List of rallies and protest marches in Washington, D.C.]]
* [[List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Demonstrations and protests}}

* [https://www.ohchr.org/en/Issues/AssemblyAssociation/Pages/SRFreedomAssemblyAssociationIndex.aspx Special Rapporteur of the United Nations on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association]
* [https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/FAssociation/10PrinciplesProperManagementAssemblies.pdf 10 Principles for the proper management of assemblies (by Special Rapporteurs of the United Nations)]
* [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Controlling+public+protest%3a+First+Amendment+implications.-a016473804 "Controlling Public Protest: First Amendment Implications"], article about restrictions that may be imposed on public protests, in the ''[[FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin]]'' (1994)

{{Media culture}}
{{Media manipulation}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Society|Politics}}

[[Category:Activism by type]]
[[Category:Community organizing]]
[[Category:Protest tactics]]
[[Category:Revolutionary tactics]]
[[Category:Protest marches]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Mass protests - Revision history

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